This study investigates the correlation between the content of total flavonoids and total polyphenols in different extracts of Cynomorium songaricum and their antioxidant activities, aiming to predict the active antioxidant components and provide scientific support for the development and utilization of this medicinal plant. Ethanol extracts of C. songaricum were subjected to successive extraction with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The content of total flavonoids, total polyphenols, and four representative compounds: gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, rutin were determined in each extract. The scavenging activities of the extracts against hydroxyl radicals, DPPH radicals, and ABTS radicals were evaluated. Furthermore, the correlations between the total flavonoids and total polyphenols content and the IC₅₀ values for radical scavenging were analyzed. Results showed that the n-butanol extract contained the highest levels of total flavonoids, total polyphenols. The content of rutin, an indicator component, is the highest among all extracts, while the content of protocatechuic acid is the lowest. All extracts exhibited antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, the IC₅₀ values of the n-butanol extract were 0.013 8 mg/mL for DPPH radicals, 0.010 1 mg/mL for ABTS radicals, and 0.340 5 mg/mL for hydroxyl radicals. Significant correlations were observed between the total flavonoids content and the scavenging capacities for DPPH and ABTS radicals (P < 0.01), and between the total polyphenols content and the same antioxidant indices (P < 0.05). The antioxidant active components of different extracts of C. songaricum are mainly enriched in the n-butanol fraction; Total flavonoids and total polyphenols may be the basic components of the antioxidant effects of different extracts of C. songaricum.