In order to investigate the impact of microwave-assisted extraction on the physical and chemical attributes and functional activities of Passiflora edulis peel polysaccharides, the microwave-assisted water extracted polysaccharides (MWP), microwave-assisted acid extracted polysaccharides (MAP), and microwave-assisted alkaline extracted polysaccharides (MLP) were prepared. The physical and chemical properties, structural characterization and anti-aging activity of the peel polysaccharides extracted using three different extraction methods were determined. The findings revealed that the MLP exhibited the highest total sugar content (77.55%), the MAP exhibited the highest uronic acid content (71.11%), and the MAP exhibited the highest extraction rate (14.68%). The predominant monosaccharides in the MWP, MAP, and MLP were galacturonic acid, mannose, and glucose, though the proportions differed. The polysaccharides exhibited diverse morphological characteristics, thermal stability and triple helix structures. All polysaccharides demonstrated antioxidant and anti-aging abilities, with MAP exhibiting the most pronounced activity. The DPPH free radical, hydroxyl free radical, and ABTS⁺ free radical scavenging rates of the MAP were 87%, 85%, and 66%, respectively. At a concentration of 400 μg/mL, the MAP exhibited anti-aging activity, enabling N2 nematodes to survive for 23 days and showed a good anti-aging activity. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of peel polysaccharides of P. edulis in the direction of antioxidant and anti-aging, and promotes the reuse of P. edulis peel as a resource.