Cyperi Rhizoma,the rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L.,is commonly used in gynecology,which is considered to be the most important drug for regulating of painful menstruation.It is generally used after processing in clinic.In this paper,the processing methods of Cyperi Rhizoma in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the processing specifications of various provinces were summarized.As well as the efficacy of TCM theories and pharmacological effects of different processed products,and the basis of medicinal substances and mechanism of action after processing were summarized.The perfection and improvement of processing specifications of Cyperi Rhizoma,the discovery of other effective components and the exploration of action mechanism were prospected.It can provide reference for the in-depth study of the processing of Cyperi Rhizoma.