The pathogenesis of aplastic anemia (AA) is not completely clear.AA is primarily caused by abnormal T cell immune activation.Dendritic cell (DC) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play a crucial role in managing the balance of the T cell immunological network in the microenvironment.When the antigen presentation function of DC is aberrant,it will impact the immunological function of T cell,cause the loss of hematopoietic cells,and finally lead to bone marrow failure.Traditional Chinese medicine has achieved remarkable results in the treatment of AA,which provides useful ideas and methods for the clinical treatment of AA.Many Chinese traditional medicines and their active ingredients have good anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities and have the advantages of diverse structures and activities,wide targets,and small side effects,which can avoid the adverse reactions of chemical drugs at present.As a result,researchers are increasingly interested in discovering and developing immunomodulatory medicines derived from natural components.Therefore,this paper summarizes the mechanism of hematopoietic stem cell injury caused by T cell immune disorder mediated by hematopoietic microenvironment and DC and summarizes the research progress of AA immune regulation by traditional Chinese medicine and its active components.