Paeonia rockii is the dominant species of peony population in northwest China,and as a local traditional medicinal material,which has high food and drug value and development potential.At present,a variety of chemical components have been isolated and identified from P. rockii,including monoterpene glycosides,phenols and phenolic glycosides,flavonoids,oligomeric stilbenes,volatile oils,fatty acids,sterols,tannins,triterpenes,etc.Modern research shows that  P. rockii has antioxidant,antibacterial, anticancer and other activities,and has been developed into new resource products such as oral lozenges,soft capsules,oral liquid,health cosmetics,peony wine,flower tea and so on.This paper mainly classifies and sorts out the chemical components of P. rockii at home and abroad in the past ten years,sorts out its activities,development and utilization status,and looks forward to the development prospects,in order to provide reference for the in-depth research and comprehensive development and utilization of  P. rockii.

There are more than 400 species in the genus Corydalis,which widely distributed in the North temperate zone and southern Africa.In China,some of species of this genus have been used as folk medicine for thousands of years.Corydalis plants are rich in isoquinoline alkaloids,which were usually extracted by reflux,ultrasonic heating,wet ultrafine crushing and enzymolysis assisted technology,and separated and purified by solvent separation,silica gel column chromatography,ODS column chromatography,HPLC,ion exchange resin,HSCCC method and activity constituents guiding methods.Modern pharmacology assays have demonstrated that the alkaloids effective fractions or individual components of Corydalis possessed various pharmacological activities,such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects,anti-tumor,analgesic,anti-inflammatory,liver protection,anti-platelet agglutination,etc.This paper presents an overview focusing on the structural types and characteristics the of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids,pharmacological effects and extraction methods of reported Corydalis genus,which can provide a reference for the further study on the enrichment of active components and safe utilization of genus Corydalis.

In this study,UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology and network pharmacology strategy were used to explore the pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of anti-breast cancer of petroleum ether fraction of Alocasia cucullata (EAC).The anti-breast cancer effect and mechanism of EAC in vivo were verified by 4T1 breast cancer tumor-bearing mouse model.Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS data,41 chemical components of EAC were identified,including 11 aromatic compounds,8 terpene compounds,5 alkaloid compounds,4 fatty acid compounds,2 coumarin compounds,and 11 other compounds.Network pharmacology identified 556 potential target proteins for the identified compounds.PPI analysis identified 10 core targets,including MAPK1 and Bcl-2.Enrichment analysis suggested that these core targets might exert anticancer effects through pathways like MAPK and PI3K-Akt,related to cell apoptosis.Molecular docking confirmed the strong binding ability of active components like digitoxigenin with apoptosis-related proteins such as pERK,Bcl-2,and Bax.The results of the anticancer activity study showed that compared to the model group,the tumor growth trend was slower in the low,medium,and high-dose EAC groups.Tumor mass decreased,and the tumor inhibition rate increased gradually.The spleen index showed significant differences in the medium and high-dose EAC groups,while the low-dose EAC group did not show significant effects (P <0.05).HE staining revealed loosely arranged cells with unclear outlines in the tumor tissues of the treated groups.ELISA analysis of mouse serum revealed decreased levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the high and medium-dose EAC groups,as well as in the positive control group treated with 5-fluorouracil.Animal validation experiments demonstrated that EAC,at different concentrations,downregulated the expression of p-ERK protein in the MAPK signaling pathway (P <0.01),with no significant differences observed in the levels of ERK,JNK,p-38,p-JNK,and p-p38 proteins.EAC significantly increased the levels of Bax/Bcl-2 proteins and gene expression in mouse breast cancer tissues.In conclusion,EAC can down-regulate p-ERK protein levels,promote cancer cell apoptosis,and inhibit the growth of 4T1 breast cancer tumors in mice.

To investigate the protective effect of astragaloside IV (ASIV) against nerve injury caused by high doses of S-ketamine (SK),PC12 cells were used to construct an in vitro nerve injury model.The cell viability was measured by CCK-8 method,from which the optimal modeling concentration for SK and the optimal therapeutic concentration for ASIV were determined.Flow cytometry was used to determine the apoptosis rate.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by DCFH-DA fluorescent probe assay.Expressions of the target genes were measured by qPCR and the target proteins were detected by Western blot.The results showed that the optimal modeling concentration for SK was 450 μg/mL and the optimal therapeutic concentration for ASIV was 25 μmol/L.Compared with the control group,the apoptosis rate,ROS content,Caspase-9 and Cytochrome C mRNA expression levels were significantly increased in the SK group (P < 0.05).On the other hand,Bax,Pro-Caspase-9,Cleaved-Caspase-9 and Cytochrome C protein expression levels were similarly markedly increased (P< 0.05),while the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax mRNA expression levels and Bcl-2 protein expression level were significantly decreased (P< 0.05).After treatment with ASIV,the changes in all indices induced by high-dose SK were clearly reversed (P< 0.05).Therefore,ASIV attenuates PC12 cell injury caused by high dose of SK through a mechanism that may be related to inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the fermentation broth of Eurotium cristatum on lipid metabolism and intestinal flora disorder in obese rats and provide the scientific basis for its development and utilization.Healthy SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,model group,low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose groups and Xuezhikang positive control group.The model of food-borne obese rats was established by high-fat feeding.The normal and model groups were gavaged with sterile water,and the intervention groups were gavaged with the fermentation broth of Eurotium cristatum.The experiment lasted for eight weeks and the body weight of the rats was measured and recorded weekly.After the last administration,feces and serum were collected for intestinal flora analysis and related biochemical indexes,and liver was extracted for pathological observation.The results showed that compared with the normal group,rats in the model group showed significant increases in body mass and Lee′s index,abnormalities in blood lipids,significant decreases in the diversity of intestinal flora.The fermentation broth of Eurotium cristatum significantly reduced the contents of total cholesterol,triglyceride and low density lipoprotein in serum of obese rats,increased the content of high density lipoprotein.Meanwhile,the sequencing results showed that the fermentation broth of Eurotium cristatum significantly increased the diversity of intestinal flora of rats,up-regulate the abundance of Ruminococcus NK4A214_group,UCG_005,Christensenellaceae_R-7_group,and down-regulate the abundance of Bacteroides and Turicibacter.LefSe analysis also showed that the fermentation broth of Eurotium cristatum could significantly increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and improve the intestinal defense function in rats.In conclusion,the fermentation broth of Eurotium cristatum could effectively improve lipid metabolism and intestinal flora disordesr in obese rats with high-fat diet.

Based on the therapy of benefiting the heart and removing blood stasis and phlegm,this paper discusses the mechanism of modified Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) in preventing atherosclerosis by regulating nuclear factor E2 related factor 2(Nrf2)/antioxidant response element(ARE) signaling pathway.This study selected ApoE^-/- mice for model replication.After successful model replication,50 ApoE^-/- mice were randomly divided into model group,modified BHD (low,medium and high doses) group,and atorvastatin group,with ten mice in each group;Ten wild-type ApoE^-/- mice with C57BL/6J background as a control group.Starting from the 9th week,gavage was administered continuously for four weeks.HE and Oil Red O staining methods were used to observe the pathological and morphological changes of mouse aortic sinuses.Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression levels of advanced oxidative protein product(AOPP) and reactive oxygen species(ROS).Biochemical analyzer determination was used to detect the expression levels of blood fat in mouse serum.ELISA method was used to detect the expression levels of oxidative stress related factors such as malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in mouse serum.Western blot method was used to detect the expressions of sirtuin1(SIRT1),Nrf2,heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase(NQO1) proteins in mouse aorta.RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of HO-1 and NQO1 genes.These results showed that modified BHD could improve the pathological changes of aortic sinus in AS model mice(P＜0.01),reduce the lipid content in the aortic sinus of AS model mice(P＜0.05),reduce the expression levels of AOPP and ROS proteins in aortic plaques(P＜0.01),increase the expression level of how-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mouse serum(P＜0.01),and reduce the expression levels of total cholesterol,triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P＜0.01),increase the expression levels of SOD and GSH-Px(P＜0.01),and reduce the expression level of MDA(P＜0.01),upregulate the expression levels of SIRT1,Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 proteins in mouse aorta(P＜0.01),and it could also upregulate the mRNA expression levels of HO-1 and NQO1 genes in the mouse aorta(P＜0.01).These findings indicated that modified BHD exerts an anti AS effect by regulating oxidative stress damage,and some mechanisms may be related to the activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.

In order to comprehensively evaluate the phenolic components in Lycii Fructus,this study prepared non extractable phenolic compounds (NEPC) from Lycii Fructus after removing free polyphenols using alkaline hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis,respectively.The Box-Behnken experimental design method was selected to establish a mathematical model between NEPC yield and hydrolysis conditions,such as acid or alkali concentration,hydrolysis time,and material liquid ratio.The results of the response surface experimental design analysis indicated that in alkaline hydrolysis,the hydrolysis time has a significant impact on the yield of NEPC,but in acid hydrolysis,the ratio of material to liquid in acid hydrolysis has a considerable impact on the outcomes.Under the optimum circumstances,the yield of NEPC were 0.65±0.05 mg/100 g for the alkaline hydrolysis process and 0.52±0.03 mg/100 g for acid hydrolysis procedure,respectively.The chemical components in the hydrolysates were analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS.Eleven compounds were identified,which were the phenylpropanoids.In conclusion,the acid hydrolysate contained eleven compounds,while the alkali hydrolysis products had only four substances.Alkali hydrolysis produced more NEPC,whereas acid hydrolysate showed a good diversity of chemicals.Hence,different hydrolysis methods should be chosen for different research purposes while preparing NEPC.

In order to objectively and accurately evaluate the quality of sensory characteristics of Fu brick tea from different origins,combining sensory review,chemical component detection,chemometrics and other research on the sensory quality characteristics of the Fu brick tea from different origins and its discernment model construction.The results show that the sensory quality of 19 Fu brick tea from Hunan,Zhejiang and Shanxi has very obvious differences due to the different material bases of the raw materials.Among them,the taste score (TS) of Fu brick tea showed significant correlation with caffeine (CAF),water leachate (WL),catechin (CAT) and epicatechin (EC),with the correlation coefficients (P<0.05) of 0.81,0.62,0.55,and 0.50,respectively.Meanwhile,the principal component (PCA) based on chemical components showed that the cumulative variance contribution of the first four principal components was 79.48%,and the linear regression equations and contribution of the first four principal components were used to construct the sensory quality evaluation model and the origin discrimination model of Fu brick tea.Oethogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLA-DA) showed that the 19 Fu brick tea samples from different origins were clearly divided into three groups,and the evaluation model had a high recognition degree for Fu brick tea from different origins.The model was validated using the cross-validation method and the model had a fit index (R²X) of 0.879 for the independent variable,(R²Y) of 0.992 for the dependent variable,and a predictive index (Q²) of 0.53.A total of six variance indicators with variable importance in projection (VIP) values greater than one were identified by OPLS-DA,among which caffeine,water leachate,tea polyphenols,and soluble sugars were the signature variance quality components of sensory characteristics of Fu birck tea.The results show that the application of sensory review,chemical component detection,chemometrics and other methods can achieve the rapid and accurate discrimination of the sensory characteristics of Fu brick tea from different origins,and at the same time,it also provides a new reference method for the discrimination sensory characteristics of Fu brick tea from different origins.

Ten compounds were separated and purified from ethyl acetate fraction derived from 95% EtOH extract of Houttuynia cordata by silica gel,macroporous resin,Sephadex LH20,MCI resin,thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.Their structures were identified on the basis of mass spectrometry(MS),nuclear magnetic resonance and comparison with the data in reported literatures. As a result,ten compounds were identified as dehydrovomifoliol (1),5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy- 7-megastigmen-9-one (2),loliolide (3),pubinernoid A (4),quercitrin (5),quercetin (6),afzelin (7),4-methoxybenzene-1,2-diol (8),4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (9),benzoic acid (10).Compounds 1-4 were norsesquiterpenoids isolated from Houttuynia cordata for the first time. All the compounds were screened for their anti-plant pathogens activities,and at the concentration of 40 mg/mL,the inhibition rates of compounds 5-7 ranged from 38% to 50% against Fusarium graminearum, Fulria fulva,Botrytis cinerea,Mycosphaerlla melonis and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum.

This paper investigated the chemical constituents and their bioactivities of solid fermentation products from Sanghuangporus vaninni.The chemical constituents were isolated by solution extraction,column chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography,and their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis.All these isolated compounds were screened for antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase in vitro.A total of 17 compounds were isolated from the extracts of solid fermented products from S. vaninni,and identified as (2Z,4E)-γ-ionylideneacetic acid (1),phellinulin E (2),phellinulin F (3),phellinulin G (4),phellinulin J (5),phellinulin L (6),phellinulin M (7),phellinulin N (8),elgonenes D (9),caffeic acid (10),hispidin (11),3-hydroxyhispidin (12),protocatechuic acid (13),4-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one (14),eugenol (15),methyl linoleate (16) and steraric acid (17).Among them,compounds 1-9 were isolated from S. vaninni for the first time.Compounds 10-13 showed good antioxidant activities in vitro.Their IC₅₀ values for DPPH were respectively 16.45,37.52,82.71,50.46 μg/mL,for ABTS were 1.43,2.26,34.55,21.60 μg/mL and for hydroxyl radicals were 38.43,49.46,86.74,69.16 μg/mL.Compounds 10 and 11 also exhibited good inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase,and their IC₅₀ values were 28.73 μg/mL and 44.80 μg/mL,respectively.Compound 17 demonstrated certain inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ 2.31 μg/mL.

The fingerprints of 20 batches of Zingiber officinale from different origins in Yunnan were established by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC),and four gingerols were quantitatively analyzed.The UHPLC fingerprint of Z. officinale was established and 18 common chromatographic peaks of 20 batches of samples were analyzed by chemometrics,the samples could be divided into four groups by cluster analysis (CA),the chromatographic peaks were divided into three groups,the samples of Honghe and Wenshan were similar and clustered into two groups;and the samples of Qujing were clustered into two groups.The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the differences between the samples of Honghe and Wenshan (Southeastern Yunnan) were relatively small,while and the differences between the samples of the two places and Qujing (Eastern Yunnan) were relatively large.The distribution of principal component scores and the loading of each variables were basically consistent with the classification results of CA;Orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) could effectively distinguish southeastern Yunnan and eastern Yunnan,and eight differential markers were screened.The results of content determination showed that the content of Honghe and Wenshan Z. officinale samples were similar,and there were some differences between the two places and Qujing samples.The main differential components were 6-gingerol,8-gingerol and 6-gingerenol.This study can provide reference for the selection of origins and comprehensive evaluation of quality of medicinal Z. officinale.

This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of crocin (CRO) on diabetic kidney disease (DKD) from the perspective of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and NLRP3 pathway.Sixty C57BL/6J mice were adaptively fed for one week and ten mice were selective as normal control group randomly.The remain mice received high-fat diet for eight weeks followed by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. After STZ modeling,the modeled mice were randomly divided into model group,NLRP3 inhibitor group (10 mg/kg,intraperitoneal injection),low-dose CRO group (5 mg/kg,gavage),middle-dose CRO group (10 mg/kg,gavage),high-dose CRO group (20 mg/kg,gavage).After eight weeks of treatment,24 h urine samples,blood samples and kidneys were collected for analysis and determination.The 24 h-urine total protein (24 h-UTP),serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured by the kit to evaluate the renal function of the mice.The pathological changes of the kidney were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining.Real-time quantitative polymerasechain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of EMT-related factors ［E-cadherin (E-cad),vimentin (VIM),alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA),transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)］ to evaluate the effect of CRO on EMT.The expression of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) related factors ［NLRP3,apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC),cleaved-caspase-1,mature-interleukin-1 beta (mature-IL-1β),mature-IL-18］ was detected to evaluate the effect of CRO on NLRP3 pathway.The results showed that Scr,BUN,and 24 h-UTP in DKD mice treated with CRO decreased to varying degrees,and the pathological damage of renal tissue was improved to varying degrees.The expression of E-cad increased,while the expression of VIM,α-SMA,and TGF-β1 decreased.The expression of NLRP3,ASC,cleaved-caspase-1,mature-IL-1β and mature-IL-18 were down-regulated.These results suggest that CRO inhibits EMT by inhibiting NLRP3 pathway to alleviate DKD.

Pellinus lonicerinus (Bond.) Bond.et Sing is a Sanghuang variety commonly used in Hubei and other places,which is also the common medicine of Tujia ethnic,and polysaccharide is the main bioactive component of it.To study the extraction process and the antioxidant activity in vitro of polysaccharide from P. lonicerinus,the hot water extraction method was used in the experiment.The extraction process of polysaccharide from P. lonicerinus was optimized with multi-factor orthogonal test,based on the single factor experimental results.The antioxidant activity of five polysaccharides (PLP30,PLP60,PLP85,PLPA1 and PLPA2) was evaluated by five methods,namely reducing power,DPPH,ABTS and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity,and the inhibition of tyrosinase activity.The results showed that the optimal extraction condition was:the ratio of material to liquid was 1∶20 g/mL,extraction time of 120 min,extraction temperature of 100 ℃.Under this optimized condition,the average extraction yield was (3.16±0.05)%.In vitro antioxidant activity tests showed that five polysaccharides had a certain reducing power and scavenging effect on DPPH free radical,ABTS free radical and hydroxyl free radical,the reducing power and ABTS radical scavenging effect had concentration-response relationship with its concentration.These results indicated that polysaccharides from the fruit body of P. lonicerinus had good antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory ability in vitro.

To establish a method for HPLC fingerprint,chemical pattern recognition and multi-index component determination of Bupleurum Radix-Paeoniae Radix Alba (BR-PR) formula granules The chromatography was performed on COSMOSIL 5C₁₈-MS-Ⅱ (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) column.Acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid water was mobile phase and gradient elution;Volume flow rate was 1.0 mL/min;The detection wavelengths were 210 nm and 230 nm;Column temperature was 30 ℃.The HPLC fingerprint was established,and the similarity evaluation,clustering analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to study the fingerprint of 15 batches of BR-PR formula granules.The contents of four index components were determined simultaneously.The fingerprint established in this study identified 15 common peaks and identified four components of them.The similarity between the fingerprint of 15 batches of BR-PR formula granules medicine and the control fingerprint was all >0.90. Both CA and PCA could divide 15 batches of BR-PR formula granules into two categories.The multi-index component content determination method meets the requirements of methodological investigation,and the contents of four components are different in different degrees.The established method is simple and feasible,and can provide reference for the quality control and clinical use of BR-PR formula granules.

In order to determine the optimal extraction process for the essential oil of Yuexi small yellow ginger,investigate the effects of different extraction methods on the yield and microstructure of small yellow ginger essential oil,and establish a GC-MS detection method for the volatile substances of Yuexi small yellow ginger.In this study,steam distillation,ultrasonic-assisted steam distillation,ultrasonic-microwave synergistic assisted steam distillation and ultrasound-enzyme synergistic assisted steam distillation were used to extract the essential oil.The essential oil yields of each method were compared,and the method with the highest yield was selected to determine the optimal extraction process by one-way test and orthogonal optimization.The results showed that the highest yield of essential oils was obtained by ultrasound-enzyme synergistic assisted steam distillation and the optimal extraction process was as follows:soild-liquid ratio of 1∶3.5 (g/mL),ultrasonic temperature of 50 ℃,ultrasonic power of 400 W,ultrasonic time of 20 min,compound enzyme dosage (hemicellulase∶β-glucosidase=1∶1) 40 U/g,the enzymolysis temperature is 40 ℃,the pH of the enzyme is 5.5,the enzymolysis time is 2 h,and the extraction time is 45 min.Under these conditions,the yield of essential oil is 3.28%.Scanning electron microscopy of ginger pomace after essential oil extraction revealed that the cellular integrity of ginger pomace obtained by ultrasound-enzyme synergistic assisted steam distillation was the most severely disrupted,This indicates that the method is more thorough in the extraction of essential oils.A total of 75 volatile substances were extracted and identified from fresh ginger by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) extraction and ultrasound-enzyme synergistic assisted steam distillation,Among them,49 species were identified by HS-SPME extraction,and 60 species were identified by ultrasound-enzyme synergistic assisted steam distillation.This study provides a new idea for the extraction of essential oils from small yellow ginger,and provides a reference basis for the deep processing and utilization of ginger.

To study the chemical constituents of Linderae Radix,three new compounds,named linderaggredin B1 (1),lindenonic acid A (2),and lindenonic acid B (3),along with one know compound chlorahupetolide K (4) were isolated from the 90% EtOH extract of Linderae Radix by various chromatographic techniques such as silica gel,ODS,Sephadex-LH 20,Pre-HPLC,their structures was elucidated by spectral data analysis.Compound 4 was isolated from Lauraceae plants for the first time.

Dihydromyricetin is a kind of flavanonol,which possesses a variety of biological activities such as antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor and liver protection.The six hydroxyl groups in structure lead to its poor lipid solubility and low bioavailability,and it is expected to improve its bioavailability and biological activity by structural modification.In this paper,we reviewed studies on the structural modification of dihydromyricetin and the biological activities of corresponding derivatives.The chemical modification methods involve etherification reactions,esterification reactions and metal complexe formation,and the derivatives of dihydromyricetin have antiviral,antibacterial,antioxidant,neuroprotection and antitumor activities.Then the challenges arising from the structural modification of dihydromyricetin and the development directions are presented.Further efforts on more thoughtful structural modification are necessary to improve both biological activity and druggability.

The effect of Sophoridine (SRI) on the proliferation and apoptosis of DU-145 prostate cancer cells,as well as its mechanism of action were investigated based on cell experiments in vitro,network pharmacology and molecular docking.MTT,colony formation,and immunofluorescence assays were used to detect the effects of SRI on DU-145 cell proliferation,and flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis.qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of Ki67,PCNA,Caspase-3/7,Bcl-2,Bax and p38MAPK.The protein expression of PCNA,Caspase-3,Bcl-2,Bax,p38MAPK and p-p38MAPK were detected by Western blot.Several databases,including TCMSP,HERB,Swiss Target Prediction,and PharmMapper were utilized to obtain SRI targets and the OMIM and GeneCards databases were used to collect prostate cancer targets.Common targets between the two datasets were screened using Venny2.1.0.The STRING database was used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network,and network topology analysis and PPI network visualization were performed using Cytoscape3.9.0 software.GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis were performed by DAVID database.Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock1.5.6 software.The results of cell experiments showed that SRI significantly inhibited DU-145 cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis.The PPI network analysis revealed 16 core targets including ALB,MAPK1,CASP3,MAPK8,and p38MAPK.The GO enrichment analysis yielded 158 entries (P < 0.01),were mainly concentrated in apoptosis process,protein phosphorylation,and protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity.KEGG enrichment analysis obtained 84 signaling pathways(P< 0.01),involving cancer pathways,proteoglycans in cancer,MAPK signaling pathway and other signaling pathways.Molecular docking results showed that SRI can stably bind to the core target p38MAPK.qPCR and Western blot results confirmed that SRI can promote the expression of p38MAPK.In conclusion,this study shows that SRI can inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis of DU-145 prostate cancer cells,which may be associated with p38MAPK activation.

Network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques were used to explore the mechanism of Astragali Radix extract in the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) was studied and verified.The main active components and gene targets of Astragali Radix extract were obtained through TCMSP,UniProt,GeneCards and OMIN databases,and HIE related targets were obtained through GeneCards database.The "active ingredient-drug target" network of Astragali Radix extract was constructed using Cytoscape software.PDB and TCMSP databases were used to obtain the molecular structure,and SYBYL-X2.1 software was used to simulate the molecular docking.The rat model was established and the expression of key proteins was detected by Western blot.According to the TCMSP database,a total of 70 active components and 350 related targets of Astragali Radix extract were obtained.After removing repeated targets and gene annotation,120 targets of active components of Astragali Radix extract were obtained.By mapping 120 targets of Astragali Radix extract with the first 242 targets of HIE (correlation score >5),18 potential targets of Astragali Radix extract for HIE were selected.4-Hydroxycinnamic acid,cis-ferulic acid,astrapterocarpan,hederagenin and kumatakenin were found to be the key active ingredients.Eighteen potential targets were input into STRING for protein interaction analysis,and a total of three core targets (degree>30) were found,which were respectively inducible nitric oxide synthase 2(NOS2),prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2),superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1).Animal experiments showed that Astragali Radix extract could reduce the expression of NOS2,PTGS2,MAPK4 and CASP8 proteins in the hippocampus of rat models.Through network pharmacological analysis and experimental verification,it is concluded that Astragali Radix extract can inhibit neuronal apoptosis and protect nerve cells through multi-target and multi-pathway.

At present,the research on the isolation and purification of oleuropein mainly were focused on macroporous adsorbent resin,but there were few reports on the isolation and purification of oleuropein with anionic resin.To study the adsorption and separation process of anionic resin (LX-68M),adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption models were used to investigate the static adsorption and desorption behavior of oleuropein by anionic resin.The results showed that the adsorption of anionic resin on oleuropein was accordance with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R²=0.993 4) and the Freundlich isothermal adsorption model (R²=0.964 2).Further,the separation and purification of oleuropein through the anionic resin was optimized by dynamic experiments,and the optimal operating process was as follows:the extraction solution concentration was 0.25 g/mL,the desorption solution was 45% ethanol,and the adsorption and desorption rates were 2.0 BV/h.The adsorption and desorption rates of anionic resin for oleuropein under these conditions were 86.86% and 87.08%,respectively,and the purity of oleuropein was 52.33%.In addition,the adsorption rate of the anionic resin was 54.9% after four times of repeated use and recovered to 93.51% after regeneration treatment,indicating that it has prospect for industrialization.This anionic resin has good stability and mild separation conditions,and is suitable for the isolation and purification of oleuropein and other similar natural products.

To study the optimal process conditions and the mass transfer kinetic model of the extraction process,the Plackett Burman test,the steepest climbing test and the Box Behnken response surface method were used to optimize the key process parameters of ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of synephrine from Aurantii Fructus Immaturus.Based on Fick′s second law,the extraction kinetic model was established for the extraction of synephrine from Aurantii Fructus Immaturus with ultrasonic assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction.By measuring the mass concentration of synephrine in the extraction solution at different power and extraction time,the model was fitted and verified,and the corresponding kinetic parameters were solved.The results showed that the optimal extraction solvent was the deep eutectic solvent composed of betaine monohydrate and lactic acid (molar ratio 1∶3,water content 50%).The optimal process was as follows:the liquid material ratio was 39 mL /g,ultrasonic power was 220 W,ultrasonic time was 20 min.Under these conditions,the yield of synephrine was 0.428 4%,which was close to the predicted value of the model,and better than the traditional water reflux extraction method,85% ethanol reflux extraction method,ultrasonic assisted 14% ethanol extraction method,ultrasound assisted 70% methanol extraction method and ultrasound-assisted water extraction method.The kinetic general equation and exponential equation obtained by fitting the kinetic experimental data have a good correlation with the kinetic model.The corresponding kinetic parameters such as rate constant,relative extraction rate were calculated,and the regression equation of half-life and effective diffusion coefficient has been obtained by fitting,which provides data reference for the optimization of the extraction process and in-depth theoretical research of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus.

To investigate the quality transfer relationship between Pinellia Rhizoma (PR) and Pinelliae Rhizoma Praeparatum cum Alumine (PRPA),as well as to assess the consistency in quality between the newly processed product using steam processing and PRPA,this study examined the leachate,organic acids,polysaccharides,nucleosides,and protein content of raw PR and three processed products.Differences among the three processed products were compared using methods such as principal component analysis.The results indicated notable differences in quality between the steamed product and traditional concoctions of PR.Compared to raw PR,the extracts from soaking and boiling decreased,while the extract from steaming increased by 264.76%.Total organic acid and polysaccharide content significantly increased,especially in the steamed product.Nucleoside and protein content,however,experienced substantial reduction.Hence,it can be inferred that the quality consistency of soaked and boiled PRPA is relatively high,while further research is needed to explore the processing techniques and medicinal effects of the steamed products.

The molecular mechanism of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) inhibiting oxidative low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells was studied based on the phosphoglycerate kinase-1-mediated glycolysis pathway.oxLDL (100 mg/L) injury was used to establish the human aortic endothelial cell injury model in vitro,and GA (10,20 and 40 μmol/L) and PGK1 agonists were given different concentrations to intervene.The key glycolytic enzyme PGK1,glucose transporter 1(GLUT1),hexokinase 2 (HK2) and pyruvate kinase M2 were detected by Western blot.PKM2 and apoptosis-related Bax,Bcl2,Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 protein expression levels were detected by colorimetric assay.The results showed that compared with the control group,glucose consumption and lactate secretion of endothelial cells in oxLDL group were decreased,and protein expression levels of PGK1,GLUT1,HK2,PKM2,Bax,cleaved Caspase-3 and cleaved Caspase-9 were increased (P<0.05).Compared with oxLDL group,glucose consumption and lactate secretion of endothelial cells in GA treatment group (10,20 and 40 μmol/L) were increased,and protein expression levels of PGK1,GLUT1,HK2,PKM2,Bax,Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 were decreased (P<0.05).The effect of GA on oxLDL-induced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells was reversed after addition of PGK1 agonist.These results indicated that GA inhibited OXLDL-induced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting PGK1-mediated glycolysis pathway.

In order to explore the antioxidant chemical constituents of total flavonoids from stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium (TFCSL),and to reveal its pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of action.In this study,HPLC was used to establish the fingerprints of different batches of TFCSL;high glucose concentration induced oxidative damage model in human umbilical vein endothelial cells,and malondialdehyde,lactate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase activities were used as indicators of drug efficacy;gray correlation and partial least squares were used to analyze the spectral-efficacy relationship to determine the antioxidant efficacy substances of TFCSL;based on network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the core targets and pathways of action.Twelve common peaks were identified from the fingerprints of 12 batches of TFCSL,and 9 chemical components were designated;all batches of total flavonoid samples reduced apoptosis,lowered malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase content,and increased superoxide dismutase activity;peak 5 (apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside),peak 6 (isochlorogenic acid C) and peak 7 (diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside) were selected as the basis for TFCSL antioxidant substances by integrating two mathematical models;the three screened active ingredients acted on 33 targets of anti-oxidative stress;the key targets were TNF,CASP3,EDNRA,XDH,PTGS2,MMP2,etc.,which were mainly involved in signaling pathways such as lipid and atherosclerosis signaling pathways,IL-17 signaling pathway,diabetic complications AGE-RAGE signaling pathway,TNF pathway,MPKA pathway,and other signaling pathways;the molecular docking results showed that there was good binding between the active ingredients and the key targets.It indicates that the material basis of TFCSL anti-oxidative stress may be apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside,isochlorogenic acid C,diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside,and it is speculated that it plays a role in the role of atherosclerosis signaling pathway and IL17 signaling pathway through the targets of TNF and CASP3,reflecting the role of multi-components and multi-targets of stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium in the function of anti-oxidation.

To investigate the differences and correlations between the chemical composition and root endophytes of two epiphytic methods,including stone epiphytic cultivation(SE) and tree epiphytic cultivation(TE) of Dendrobium nobile in simulated habitat cultivation.Root endophytes were sequenced and analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology,and preliminarily explored the differences and correlations between chemical composition contents and root endophytes.The results of the study showed that the contents of dendrobine,total alkaloids and total flavonoids were higher in SE than in TE,and the content of total polysaccharides was higher in TE than in SE.The relative abundance of D. nobile root endophyte species differed significantly between the two epiphytic methods,with higher species richness and diversity of D. nobile root endophytes in SE than in TE.Beneficial endophytes increased in SE compared to TE,whereas pathogenic endophytes increased in TE compared to SE.The correlation result revealed that the relative abundance of endophyte genera enriched in SE was significantly positively correlated with dendrobine,however,it was significantly negatively correlated in TE.Meanwhile,the endophyte genera enriched in SE was significantly positively correlated with total flavonoids,total alkaloids and total polysaccharides contents,while the contrary was observed in TE.In conclusion,the elevated chemical compositions in SE compared to TE are related to the fact that SE favors the enrichment of root-endophytic that have plant growth-promoting and nitrogen-fixing effects,which promotes the production of phytochemicals and is conducive to the enhancement of the quality of the herbs.The study lays the foundation for the correlation of "epiphytic methods-root endophyte-secondary metabolites" of D. nobile,as well as the scientific basis for "the Dendrobium grown on the stone has the better quality" of D. nobile.

The HPLC fingerprints and multi-component content determination combined with chemical pattern recognition were developed to evaluate the quality of Peucedani Radix obtained from various regions.The Agilent SB-C₁₈ column (4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm) was used for the analysis,with a methyl alcohol-0.5% formic acid solution serving as the mobile phase,a volume flow rate of 0.5 mL/min,and a detective wavelength of 321 nm.hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA),principal component analysis (PCA),and partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) were used to analyze the fingerprints.The results showed that nine common peaks were identified out of a total of 21 common peaks that were matched among 16 batches of Peucedani Radix that ranged in similarity from 0.966 to 0.999.Sixteen batches of samples were divided into three groups during chemical pattern recognition analysis,the first group was primarily from Ningguo and Bozhou in the province of Anhui,the second group was primarily from Hunan,Guizhou and Chongqing province,and the third group was the high altitude characteristic of the Peucedani Radix.The results also indicated that the content of bergapten,praeruptorin A,praeruptorin B and praeruptorin E in samples from various regions ranged from 0.016 7 mg/g to 0.131 9 mg/g,6.069 6 mg/g to 16.225 5 mg/g,0.426 5 mg/g to 2.010 0 mg/g,0.013 4 mg/g to 0.031 2 mg/g,respectively.The established method,which has strong specificity,high stability and good separation,can efficiently assess the quality of Peucedani Radix.

To establish an UPLC method for the fingerprint analysis and content determination of standard decoction of Rosae Chinensis Flos (RCF),and to provide reference for quality control of standard decoction of RCF,the fingerprints of 20 batches of standard decoction of RCF was established by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC),and the common fingerprint peaks were identified by mass spectrometry analysis and comparison with reference materials.The similarity evaluation combined with chemical pattern recognition were applied to explore characteristic components affecting the quality of standard decoction of RCF,and the content of eight components in the main fingerprint peaks were determined simultaneously.Results the UPLC fingerprint of standard decoction of RCF was established,and 15 fingerprint peaks were identified,and the similarity of 20 batches of samples was 0.983-0.999.Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal analysis (PCA) divided the samples into four categories,and combined with partial leats square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to screened out 11 signature compounds,of which eight components were confirmed by mass spectrometry and control products.The results showed that the content of gallic acid,ellagic acid,isoquercetin,astragalin and quercetin in the standard decoction of RCF from Zhoukou,Henan Province were significantly higher than those from other areas.The analysis method established of standard decoction of RCF is stable,feasible and reproducible,which can provide a reference for the relative preparation development and quality standard research of standard decoction of RCF.