In order to study the differences of odor characteristic components of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium from different producing areas, gas chromatography (GC) was used to construct the characteristic spectra of odor components of 25 batches of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium from five producing areas. Similarity evaluation, hierarchical clustering analysis, principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used for chemometrics research, and the content of index components was determined. The results showed that the established characteristic spectrum calibrated eight common characteristic peaks, and the similarity between 25 batches of samples and the control spectrum was between 0.665 and 0.971. Clustering analysis and principal component analysis divided 25 batches of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium into three categories, namely, Sichuan Yanyuan and Sichuan Hanyuan Zanthoxyli Pericarpium, Sichuan Maoxian and Gansu Wudu Zanthoxyli Pericarpium, Shanxi Hancheng Zanthoxyli Pericarpium. Three different odor chemical components were screened by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, which were limonene, linalool, and linalyl acetate. The contents of limonene and linalool were determined. The results showed that the contents of limonene and linalool in different producing areas and batches were quite different. The content of limonene was 5.73-15.10 mg/g, and the content of linalool was 0.72-8.07 mg/g. Among them, the contents of limonene and linalool in Hanyuan and Yanyuan Zanthoxyli Pericarpium were the highest. The established characteristic spectrum of odor components and the content determination method of index components of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium can provide the basis for quality evaluation and control of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium from different producing areas.