To study the chemical constituents from the fruit shells of Camellia oleifera Abel., this study was carried out using silica gel column chromatography, gel column chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography to isolate the chemical constituents of the C. oleifera fruit shells and to identify the structures using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) data. Seventeen compounds were finally obtained, including (7S,8S)-3-methoxy-3',7-epoxy-8,4'-oxyneoligna-4,9,9'-triol (1), massonianoside E (2), isolariciresinol-9-O-xyloside (3), nudiposide (4), 5′-methoxy-isolarchitin-9′-O-β-D-xyloside (5), aviculin (6), davidioside A (7), (7R,8R)-4-O-(glycer-2-yl)-7,9,9′-trihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-8-O-4′-neolignan (8), epicatechin-(5,6-bc)-4β-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-dihydro-2(3H)-pyranone (9), phloretin (10), lyciumaside (11), 2-O-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxyphenylmethylacetate (12), 1-O-galloylglycerol (13), (3S,4S)-3-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6,7-trihydroxy-4-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-1H-[2]-benzopyran-1-one (14), tachioside 2'-O-4''-O-methylgallate (15), mallophenol A (16), 4-hydroxyphenol-[6-O-(4''-hydroxy-3'',5''-dimethoxy-benzoate)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (17). Compounds 1-17 are isolated from C. oleifera for the first time. In addition, compounds 1-17 were tested for antioxidant and anti-respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) activities. The results displayed that compounds 9 and 12 showed good anti-RSV activity, and compounds 7 and 11 showed weak anti-RSV activity. Meanwhile, compounds 4, 7, 11, 13, 14 and 16 had good antioxidant activity.