In this study, the correlation between the chemical components content of wild Rehmanniae Radix and ecological factors was analyzed, such as geographical distribution, climate factors and soil nutrients. Thirty-five batches of wild Rehmanniae Radix and its associated soil from different producing areas were collected. The geographical location and meteorological data were obtained through satellite online and the platform of China Meteorological Science Data Sharing Center, and the parameters such as organic matter, available phosphorus and available nitrogen in soil were determined. High performance liquid chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector were used to determine the contents of iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides and saccharides in wild Rehmanniae Radix, and the results were analyzed by multivariate statistical method. The results showed that nine glycosides and seven saccharides were detected in 35 batches of Rehmanniae Radix. among which the content of organic matter in soil was the highest, followed by the content of total phosphorus and total nitrogen, and the content of available phosphorus was the lowest. The contents of verbascoside and echinacoside in wild Rehmanniae Radix of authentic producing areas were higher than those from non-authentic producing areas. The contents of echinacoside, verbascoside, rehmannioside A, 2'-acetylacteoside, sucrose, raffinose, manninotriose, stachyose and verbascose were significantly different between the two producing areas. Regression analysis showed that precipitation and longitude were positively correlated with the contents of sucrose, raffinose and verbascose. The annual average temperature has a positive correlation with phenylethanoid glycosides and a negative correlation with sugars. In conclusion, there are differences in chemical components characteristics between authentic and non-authentic producing areas. Precipitation, longitude and annual average temperature were the key ecological factors affecting the quality of wild Rehmanniae Radix.