To predict the action targets of liquiritin in treating depression and diabetes to understand the “componenttargetpathways” using the network pharmacology method.The major targets of liquiritin were obtained by PharmMapper,SEA,SIB databases.The GeneCards and DrugBank were used to predict the related targets of depression and diabetes.Compared these targets with major targets of liquiritin to predict the potential targets of depression and diabetes.The network of “componenttargetdisease” was constructed and analyzed by using Cytoscape 3.6.0 software.The same target proteins related to depression and diabetes were analyzed by using Gene Ontology (GO) tool,and the action pathway of its target proteins was analyzed by using enrichment method.The BITOLA system was used to search all intermediate concepts relevant to the “gene or gene product” for depression and diabetes to filter the intermediate concepts.The network analysis results showed that 312 targets were involved in liquiritin and 23 potential targets were related to depression and diabetes mellitus,such as ESR1,HRAS,VEGFA,NOS3,PARP1,IGF1R,et al.The signaling pathway enrichment results showed that the main action proteins exerted its antidepressant and hypoglycemic function by regulating the PI3KAKT,cancer,Ras and other signaling pathways.

To explore the mechanism of Stragalus membranaceus (Fisch.)Bunge and Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.)DC.on improving glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic kidney disease.Using network pharmacology method,effective active ingredients of S. membranaceus and A. lancea were screened out through Chinese medicine system pharmacology database (TCMSP),and potential targets related to diabetic kidney disease were screened out through Drug Bank,GeneCards,and OMIM databases.Active components to target network map were constructed using Cytoscape 3.6.1 software and Metascape database,and signaling pathways related to glucose and lipid metabolism were analyzed using KEGG and GO enrichment.Through screening,there were 29 effective active ingredients were founding in S. membranaceus and A. lancea ,such as quercetin,kaempferol,wogonin,isorhamnetin may participate in mTOR,insulin,adipocytokines and Jak-STAT signaling pathway,and it play a key role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by targeting PIK3CG,AKT1,MAPK1,IGF2.In summary,S. membranaceus and A. lancea  possess multi-component,multi-target and multiple pharmacological effects on improving glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic kidney disease,and providing clues for further research on the treatment of diabetic kidney disease.

To study the effects of Berberis diaphana Maxim on hypoglycemic and hypolipidemia activity in diabetic mice by using different preparations (vinegar treated and processing) and extraction methods (reflux,ultrasound,reflux and ultrasound).We set up several diabetic mice models of alloxan,streptozotocin (STZ),epinephrine,and high concentration glucose,in order to measure the glucose levels of the treatment and control groups before/after taking different groups of Berberis,and the values of TG,TC,HDLC and LDLC in the serum.We find that the extraction methods in three groups has no obvious effects on FBG of natural mice but lowering the blood glucose of alloxan mice obviously;the combination of reflux and ultrasound group in all treated Berberis has significant difference compared with dosage in no treated Berberis with decoction group (P<0.05);the vinegar treated Berberis with decoction,the high dosage group of alcohol treated Berberis with reflux,the vinegar treated Berberis with reflux,all ultrasound groups,and the combination of reflux and ultrasound groups all have obvious hypoglycemic effect on streptozotocin mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01);of reflux and ultrasound group with vinegar treated and alcohol treated in high dose has obvious hypoglycemic effects by high concentration glucose after 0.5,1 and 2 h (P<0.05 or P<0.01);the alcohol treated Berberis,the vinegar treated Berberis with reflux,the vinegar treated Berberis with ultrasound,and the high dosage groups of combination of reflux and ultrasound by no treated,vinegar treated,and alcohol treated Berberis all can lower the blood glucose of epinephrine hydrochloride mice obviously (P<0.05 or P<0.01);the vinegar treated Berberis with reflux,the combination of reflux and ultrasound by vinegar treated,and alcohol treated Berberis can lower the content of TG,TC,LDLC and rise the content of HDLC.The experiment shows that the combination of reflux and ultrasound by vinegar treated,and alcohol treated Berberishas better curative effects on hypoglycemic and hypolipidemia activity.

In this study,the mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides and Cornus officinalis in the treatment of diabetes mellitus was studied by means of network pharmacology.Firstly,the active components and related targets of Eucommia ulmoides and Cornus officinalis  were screened out by traditional Chinese medicine systematic pharmacological database,and then the potential targets of diabetes mellitus were screened out by DisGeNET,DrugBank and other databases.The active target constructed protein interaction network (PPI) was analyzed by STRING database.The interaction network of "component,target and pathway" was drawn by Cytoscape 3.7.0 software,and the biological process of the target protein was carried out by CludterProfiler.Cell composition and molecular function analysis;Metabolic pathway analysis of Kyoto gene and genomic (KEGG).The results showed that 30 active components of Eucommia ulmoides and Cornus officinalis were screened,in which quercetin,kaempferol and β-sitosterol were used to target PTGS2,DPP4,ADRB2,PPARG through IL-17 signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway.The regulation of adiposis is involved in nitrogen metabolism,blood circulation,adipocytes differentiation and blood pressure regulation.In summary,there are multiple components and multiple pharmacological mechanisms in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with the combination of Eucommia ulmoides and Cornus officinalis,which provides a reference for further study on the pharmacological experiment of the treatment of diabetes mellitus,and also provides a reference for the related research of other traditional Chinese medicine.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect and protective effect of hexane extract (EGH) of Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meissn and to explore its mechanism through islet cell damage model.The model of type 2 diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ) combined with high fat diet was used to evaluate the effect of EGH on reducing the glucose and protecting the islet,by testing the fasting blood glucose,oral glucose tolerance,HbAlc and insulin secretion.On the model of RIN-m5F cell injury induced by palmitic acid combined with glucose,the level of ROS,caspase-3 gene,AKT,FOXO1 and JNK protein were detected to explore the mechanism of EGH to improve islet injury.The results showed that EGH could reduce the amount of ROS generation,reduce the transcription level of caspase-3 gene,activate AKT,inhibit FOXO1and inhibit the activation of JNK,thus improving the damage of β-cell.

To investigate the hypoglycemic effects of ethanol extract and its mechanism from Stenoloma chusanum (L) Ching on type 1 diabetic rats.The research group established a model of type 1 diabetes rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ).The SD rats were randomly divided into four groups,including control group,model group,low dose group of 30 mg/kg (LG) and high dose group of 60 mg/kg (HG) and diabetic rat’s model induced by STZ.Rats in LG and HG was oral administration by ethanol extract from SLC once a day until 28 days and gastric perfusion volume is 20 mL/kg.The body weight,fasting blood glucose (FBG),serum insulin(INS),glucokinase (GCK) and aldose reductase (AR) of rats in each group were measured and the morphology of pancreas was observed The 28 days igadministration of extract of SLC decreased the negative growth of body weight,FBG and AR significantly in diabetic rats induced by STZ (P<0.05) and increased IINS,GCK(P<0.05).Morphological observations show that the number of islets in LG and HG was more than that in model group.Islet and exocrine atrophy were reduced in varying degrees.Ethanol extract from SLC has the hypoglycemic effect on fasting blood glucose in diabetic rats induced by STZ,and the mechanism may be related to decreasing aldose reductase,increasing serum glucokinase,protecting the islets and promoting insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells.

The type 2 diabetes animal model induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) were used to study the effect of Schisandra chinensis,Rosa laevigata and Cornus officinalis with different doses on blood glucose,oxidative stress and lipid metabolism.The results showed that blood glucose (FBG),glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c),fasting insulin (FINS) levels were significantly decreased,but liver glycogen was increased,the metabolic balance of free fatty acids (FFA),total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG),high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) were regulated;NADPH (NADPH) content in liver was decreased,meanwhile glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and liver glycogen in liver were increased,these results indicated that the liver function in Schisandra group was recovered;The experiment exhibited all of the three Chinese medicines could improve T2DM high sugar and fat status,in which the Schisandra improve T2DM high sugar and fat status much better.

This study was performed to evaluate the influence of Qisang hypoglycemic formula (Q-S,1.0 g/kg and 0.5 g/kg) on blood glucose and liver function of type 2 diabetic mellitus rats induced by high-glucose-fat diet and low dose of STZ (35 mg/kg).The results showed that Q-S significantly decreased the levels of FBG,GP,ALT,AST,GSP and MDA compared with the diabetic mellitus model control group (P<0.01).Meanwhile,it was found that the levels of ISI,GS,SOD and GSH-PX were remarkably higher than that of the diabetic mellitus model control group (P<0.05, P<0.01).In conclusion,Q-S had an significant effect of lowering blood sugar on diabetic mellitus rats,and can improve the liver function simultaneously.

This study is to investigate the effect and mechanism of Zishenqinggan prescription (ZSQG) on the treatment of type 2 diabetes,and lay the foundation for its clinical application and further development.T2DM model rats were randomly divided into model group,metformin group,high,middle,low dose of ZSQG group.The effect of ZSQG on body weight,food intake,water intake,urine,stool,blood glucose,OGTT,HbAlc,C-peptide,GLP-1content,GSP,insulin of rats was studied;Western blot was used to detect AKT,p-AKT,GSK-3β,p-GSK-3β expression in liver tissue and to detect p-IRS-1,IRS-1,Glut4 expression in skeletal muscle tissue.ZSQG can effectively regulate sugar metabolic disorders in type 2 diabetic model rat,improve insulin resistance;enhance insulin secretion,regulate skeletal muscle PI3K/AKT,regulate liver AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway,which may be the mechanism of ZSQG for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and to improve insulin resistance.

In this study,the effects of sepia ink melanin (SIM) on glucose-lipid matabolism in diabetics mice induced by streptozotocin were investigated.Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups [normal group,model group,melanin (120,480 mg/kg) groups] with 10 mice in each group.Animals were gavaged with SIM or equal volume saline.After 4 weeks,a series of index were measured including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c),glycosylated serum protein (GSP), fasting blood glucose,food intake,water intake,oral glucose tolerance test,serum insulin and insulin resistance index.The results showed that SIM significantly alleviated the level of glucose-lipid metabolism,and promoted the secretion of insulin in diabetic mice.In conclusion,sepia melanin ink (SIM) can ameliorate the symptom of diabetic mice through controlling blood sugar concentration,promoting the secretion of insulin and regulating glucose-lipid metabolism disorder.

The aim of this study was to explore the improvement function of Shizidaiping on insulin resistance of type 2 diabetic SD rats model and the influence on the expression of musculi skeleti insulin signal transduction proteins PI3K,P-PI3K and GLUT4 as well as to provide experimental basis for the clinical application of Shizidaiping.Breeding induced SD rats with type 2 diabetes insulin resistance model was developed using streptozotocin,high fat and sugar.Practice lavage intervention on model rats with high,medium and low doses of Shizidaiping and set up normal control group,model group and metformin group.Eight weeks later,practice normal saline lavage for normal group and model group.Fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance test were carried out before using the medicine,after 4 and 8 weeks of using medicine.After 8 weeks of using the medicine,glycosylated hemoglobin (GHB),glycosylated serum protein (gsp) and c-peptide (c-p) were examined.Insulin resistance index and protein expression level of musculi skelet were calculated.Then statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 20.0 software.Compared the treatment groups with the model groups after 8 weeks of using the medicine,it was found that FBG,PG2h and AUC decreased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01).After the treatment finished,there was obvious difference between the treatment groups and the model groups on GHB,GSP,C-P and HOMA-IR (P<0.05 or P<0.01).There was no obvious difference between different groups on musculi skeleti PI3K (P>0.05).The protein expression level of P-PI3K and GLUT4 of the treatment groups was significantly higher than these of model groups (P<0.05).Therefore,Shizidaiping can reduce blood glucose of type 2 diabetic rats and improve insulin resistance (IR).Its pharmacological mechanism was possibly through improving of protein expression level of P-PI3K and GLUT4 of musculi skeleti.

In this study,the antidiabetic active fraction of Schisandra chinensis was screened in vitro and in vivo using the inhibition rates of α-amylase and α-glucosidase as evaluation index.Mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin(STZ,140 mg/kg) to develop diabetic animal model;Alanine aminotransferase(GPT),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),total cholesterol(T-CHO),total triglycerides(TG)in the serum,malondialdehyde(MDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in the liver tissue were measured.The effects of four chemical fractions(Petroleum ether,chloroform,n-butanol,water)were difference.The chemical fraction of petroleum ether from S.chinensis showed the best inhibition effect on α-amylase;Petroleum ether and chloroform fractions showed the best inhibition effect on α-glucosidase.The in vivo study showed that each administration group can lower blood sugar,improve insulin content,and enhance the mice glucose tolerance,but the effect of petroleum ether and chloroform fractions was obvious.The effects on HDL-C,GOT,GPT,TG and T-CHO were significantly different in the petroleum ether and chloroform fractions.The effect on MDA and SOD contents in the liver tissue of petroleum ether and chloroform fractions were obvious,but there was no obvious change in the other fractions.Both results of in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation showed that the antidiabetic effect of petroleum ether and chloroform chemical fractionswas obvious.

PTP1B plays an important role in the negative regulation of insulin signaling pathway.Overexpression of it leads to dephosphorylate the tyrosine residues of insulin receptor proteins,which is primarily responsible for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.Therefore,PTP1B are potential target for screening active ingredients of diabetes treatment.Inhibitory of PTP1B oriented,two specific Uygur herbs Eremurus altaicus and Eremurus anisopterus showed good inhibitory effect on PTP1B with IC₅₀ of 17.85 and 33.76 μg/mL.The compound isolated from E.altaicus showed good inhibitory effect with IC₅₀ of 26.15± 0.5 μM; The enzyme kinetic studies revealed mixed-type inhibition type with the inhibitory constants (Ki) of 39.12±8.56 μM.The study provided active guidance and theoretical basis for further isolation and purification of E.anisopterus.

To observe the protective effect of Potentilla discolor aqueous extract for type 2 diabetic rats islet.Type 2 diabetes rat model was induced by fat emulsion formulation and small dose of streptozocin.Biochemical assay was applied to measure serum glucose,total cholesterol (TC) ,high density lipoprotein (HDL),low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG).ELISA was applied to measure serum insulin levels.Pancreatic histology was examined by HE staining.Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to examine Forkhead box O 1 (FoxO1),p-FoxO1 and insulin protein expression. P.discolor aqueous extract groups significantly decreased random blood glucose and TC levels,increased insulin expression,promoted the release of insulin,decreased the expression of FoxO1 protein in the nucleus,induced the phosphorylation of FoxO1 protein and its getting out of the nucleus. P.discolor aqueous extract played a protective role for type 2 diabetic rats islet cell.The mechanism may be related to decrease FoxO1 expression and increase p-FoxO1,which further increase the number and improve the function of β-cells.

This study was carried out to investigate the antidiabetic activities and mechanism of mangiferin in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.Adult male ICR mice were injected with a single dose of alloxan 60 mg/kg body weight though tail vein to induce diabetic animals.Mangiferin was administered intragastrically at a dose of 12.5,25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg to diabetic mice for four weeks.Metformin treated diabetic mice were served as positive control.The levels of blood glucose were monitored weekly.At the end of experiment,blood glucose,serum insulin,triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were determined,the glycogen contents of hepatic and skeletal muscle were also measured.The pancreatic islet and β-cell were identified by staining with hematoxylin eosin (HE) and aldehydefuchsin.After 4 weeks administration,mangiferin (25.0,50.0 mg/kg) significantly declined the levels of blood glucose,serum triglyceride and total cholesterol,and increased the contents of muscle and hepatic glycogen,compared with the untreated diabetic mice.However,mangiferin was unable to significantly increase the level of serum insulin and the number of pancreatic islet and β-cell.These results suggested that mangiferin possessed antidiabetic activities in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.The mechanism was related to improve synthesis of muscle and hepatic glycogen,increase the body’s use of glucose.In addition,mangiferin also had the regulating effect on the disorder of lipid metabolism.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) γ is one of the subtypes of PPAR,which are closely related to human chronic diseases,such as diabetes mellitus and the other metabolic diseases.In recent years,PPARγ has been as hot target for new drug development in treatment of diabetes area. Therefore,one type of high-throughput screening model for PPARγ was constructed at HeLa cell in present study,and the 58 different polar extracts from 12 kinds natural medicines were screened using this model.The results showed thatEtOAc extract (EB1),n-hexane extract (EA) and n-butyl alcohol extract from Edgeworthia gardneri (Thymelaeaceae) flower ,EtOAc extract (EB1) from Coptis Chinensis Franch of Sichuan, n-hexane extract (EA),supernatant of H2O extract (EC) and the remains of EtOH extract (EB3) from Pterocephalus hookeri (C.B.Clarke) Hoeck,and EtOAc extract (EB1) from Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis displayed the most remarkable activity for PPARγ,the maximum fold activation of 8 different polarity fractions compared to the positive control (0.5 μg/mL rosiglitazone),were 253%,199%,121%,127%,121%,109%,107% and 105%,respectively.This study provided the theories and experimental foundation for exploiting the novel,safe and high-efficiency natural medicines for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complication.

In this study, in vivo and in vitro treatments were carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects of Suillus luteus ethanol extract (SLE).SLE exhibited potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase in a dose-dependent manner.The EC₅₀ of SLE was 3.269 mg/mL.Streptozotocininduced diabetic mice showed that SLE can decrease the levels of blood glucose,serum total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG),and low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and increase the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL-C).The weight of the diabetic mice was increased after the SLE treatment.In addition,the pathological changes of pancreas,liver and kidney tissues in the mice model were recovered after the SLE was added.In conclusion,SLE exhibited better antidiabetic activity.It can be used for the development of health food or medicine.

In this study,the anti-hyperglycemic,immunoregulation and antioxidant activities of raspberry pulp powder (RPP) on diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ) were investigated.The results revealed that RPP ameliorated the loss of body weight,lowered the blood glucose,and restored the damaged islet in diabetic rats.It was also found that RPP can effectively decrease the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4),cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8),tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α),interferon-γ (IFN-γ),interleukin-2 (IL-2),immunoglobulin G (IgG),immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the serum of the diabetic rats.Simultaneously,after RPP treatment,the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and content of reduced glutathione (GSH) were significantly increased,while the content of malonaldehyde (MDA) was markedly decreased in pancreas tissue and serum of STZ-induced diabetic rats.Taken together,these results suggested that RPP functioned as an effective anti-diabetes component and it may protect the β-cells of the pancreatic islet through attenuating autoimmunity response and oxidative stress.

The effect of Actinidia chinensis on glycolipid metabolism and oxidative stress of diabetic mice was evaluated with diabetic mice model induced by intravenous injection of alloxan.The diabetic mice were randomly divided into 11 groups:petroleum ether extract group(high,medium and low dose,respectively),EtOAC extract group (high,medium and low dose,respectively),n-BuOH extract group (high,medium and low dose,respectively),positive control group,model group,and set the blank group.Results showed that low dose group of petroleum ether extract (P<0.01 and P<0.01,respectively) and (P<0.01) and high dose group of EtOAC extract (P<0.05 and P<0.001,respectively) could significantly decrease postprandial blood glucose and fasting blood glucose,medium dose group of EtOAC extract(P<0.001) and low dose group of n-BuOH extract(P<0.001) had better effects on decreasing postprandial blood glucose,medium dose group of n-BuOH extract(P<0.05) had better effects on decreasing petroleum ether extract.High dose group of petroleum ether extract (P<0.01),three dose groups of EtOAC extract (P<0.05,P<0.01 and P<0.05,respectively) and low dose group of n-BuOH extract (P<0.01) could significantly increase the content of liver glycogen.Three dose groups of the three extracts all could significantly increase the content of TCH (P<0.05),high and low dose goups of petroleum ether extract (P<0.05 and P<0.001,respectively) and n-BuOH extract (P<0.05 and P<0.05,respectively),high dose group of EtOAC extract (P<0.01) could significantly increase the content of TG.Three dose groups of the three extracts could significantly increase the level of SOD (P<0.05),three dose groups of petroleum ether extract (P<0.001, P<0.001 and P<0.001,respectively) and n-BuOH extract (P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.001,respectively) and high dose group of EtOAC extract (P<0.001) could significantly decrease the content of MDA.Thusit canbe seen that A.chinensis extracts could improve glycolipid metabolism of diabetic mice including hepatic glycogen synthesis promoting,excessive degradation inhibited,and antioxidant defense system strengthened as the mechanism of A.chinensis.

To investigate the effects of different effective parts of Morus nigra leaves extract on sugar and lipid metabolism in type 2-diabetic mice.Diabetic mouse was induced by combined use of high fat-glucose diets and low dose streptozotocin (STZ),which was randomly divided into 8 groups with one normal control group reference to their weight and blood glucose levels.Eight groups were as follows:high-dose group of mulberry leaves aqueous extract (AE-HD),middle-dose group (AE-MD),low-dose group (AE-LD),high-dose group of total alkaloids group (TA-HD),middle-dose group (TA-MD),low-dose group (TA-LD),model control group and positive (Rosiglitazone) control group.The intragastric administration lasted for 4 weeks,the oral glucose tolerance test was performed after 2 weeks of administration,the levels of fasting blood glucose,insulin level,triglyceride (TG),low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL),SOD and MDA were detected.The insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were investigated with these models.In comparison with the model group,the mulberry leaves aqueous extract groups and total alkaloids groups (1.2 g/kg,0.6 g/kg,0.3 g/kg) obviously depressed fasting blood glucose of type 2-diabetes mice (P<0.05, P<0.01),but there was no influence on normal group;The aqueous extract groups and total alkaloids can improve insulin and glucose tolerance of type 2-diabetes mice,and obviously regulate down fasting blood lipid of these mice.Hypoglycemic effect of different parts of M.nigra leaves extract had been shown in this study,and the mulberry leaves aqueous extract groups has the most obvious effects on depressing fasting blood glucose,lipid and insulin resistance index of type 2-diabetes mice.

The hypoglycemic effect of n-butanol extract of Brassica rapa on alloxan diabetic mice was explored.The mice were fasted for help but water after 24h,and the model of diabetic mice was built by peritoneal injection of alloxan solution 160 mg/kg, 60 h and then fasted for another 12 h.When the blood glucose level was greater than 11.1 mmol/L (fasting blood glucose in tail vein),the mice model was defined as a successful experimental model.Ten blanks were reserved as control group,all the model mice were randomly divided into model group,n-butanol extract components low and high dose (20,40 g/kg )group and positive control group (HETTY HERBR DIET βⅡ225 mg/kg),which were perfused one time per day for 14 days.During the experimental period,the blood glucose level was measured by cutting tail before or after building the models,and medication after 7,14 days.After the experiment,mice eyeball blood serum was collected and separated,the activity of SOD and content of MDA were determined.The results showed that compared with the model group,mice blood glucose levels decreased significantly after administering 7,14 d of B.rapa n-butanol extract (P<0.01);SOD activity significantly enhanced (P<0.01);MDA content decreased significantly (P<0.01).These results indicated that B.rapa n-butanol extract can significantly decrease blood glucose level.It showed antioxidant activity in diabetic mice induced by alloxan.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of Garcinia Xanthochymus in vitro.The α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the petroleum ether(PFr.),ethyl acetate(EFr.),n-butanol(BFr.) and water fractions(WFr.) of the root,leaf and fruit of G.Xanthochymus were assessed.Glucose consumption was evaluated using HepG2 cells.Fruit-EFr(IC₅₀=17.81 ± 1.09 μg/mL),leaf-EFr(IC₅₀=18.60 ± 1.56 μg/mL),root-EFr(IC₅₀=14.05 ± 0.24 μg/mL) and root-BFr(IC₅₀=13.01 ± 0.38 μg/mL) showed higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than acarbose(IC₅₀> 200 μg/mL).The root EFr and BFr showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity among all samples(ca.90%,at a concentration of 600 μg/mL).The α-amylase inhibitory activity rate of the root EFr and BFr reached 90% at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL.In glucose consumption assay,four fractions were efficient on promoting glucose consumption activity.The fruitEFr at a concentration of 7.5-30 mg/mL significantly promoted glucose consumption(P< 0.001) and the glucose consumption rates of cells treated with leaf-EFr,root-BFr and root-EFr were 3.08,3.12 and 1.93,respectively,slightly lower than the glucose consumption rate of cells treated with fruitEFr.These findings supported the antidiabetic claims of G.xanthochymus in vitro.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of licorice flavonoids (LF) on GSK-3β protein expression in liver of type 2 diabetic rats.The type 2 diabetic rat model was replicated by high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection.The rats were divided into control group (CON),diabetic model group (DM),LF treatment group (LF),and positive control group (PC).Rats in different groups were administered with solvent (1,2-propanediol),licorice flavonoids ［300mg/(kg·d)］or pioglitazone ［10mg/(kg·d)］,respectively.The protein expression level of GSK-3β in liver was detected by Western blotting.The experimental results showed that the protein expression level of GSK-3β in DM group was significantly higher than that of the CON group (P<0.01),while its expression level in LF group and PC group significantly reduced (P<0.05) compared with CON group.These results suggested that licorice flavonoids can significantly decrease the protein expression level of GSK-3β in liver of T2DM rats.This might be one of the molecular mechanisms that LF ameliorated insulin resistance.

To explore the effect of water extracts of Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meissn on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and blood lipids of the C57BL/6J mice with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.The C57BL/6J mice models of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were established through high-fat diet and STZ injection.After 4 weeks of treatment, compared with model group (DM), and the low,middle,high dosage groups of the water extracts of E. chrysantha all showed a lower level of FBG,HbA1c,FFA and LDL-C, whereas showed a higher level of FINS and HDL-C. Moreover,the water extracts of E. gardneri middle and high dosage groups showed better effect on repairing islet. In conclusion, the water extracts of E. gardneri can reduce FBG in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice,which was possibly through repairing islet and regulating lipid metabolism.

This paper compares soy isoflavone aglycone content of edamame prepared by different processing methods,and then study its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity.Determination isoflavone aglycone content of edamame by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods in blanching,boiling,freezing,freezedried,drying conditions respectively.HPLC conditions: Column:Hypersil C₁₈ (250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm),mobile phase:methanol-0.3% phosphoric acid solution (48:52),flow rate : 0.7 mL/min,detection wavelength: 260 nm,column temperature: 25 ℃,the injection volume: 20 μL.Leaving a group of healthy mice were used as blank,successful modeling ICR mice were randomly divided into three groups,each with saline,xiaoke pills,freezedried edamame,its intragastrically four weeks,after four weeks,determination of blood glucose and lipid levels.The results showed that in freezedried condition,the most abundant isoflavone aglycone(115.45 μg/g),and freezedried edamame can improve the blood sugar and lipid levels significantly.

The objective of this study was to observe the hypoglycemic effect of ethanol extract from Panax ginseng and Acanthopanax senticosus on diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and to explore its preliminary hypoglycemic mechanism.In this experiment fasting injection of STZ was used to establish the mouse model of diabetes.Randomized control method was used to divide mice into different groups,includes 4 of high-dose groups (400 mg/kg),4 of low-dose groups (200 mg/kg), glibenclamide group,model group and normal control group.Each group was ig administrated with different concentrations of ethanol extract of P.ginseng and 75% ethanol extract of A.senticosus for 6 consecutive weeks.The contents of body weight,fasting blood glucose (FBG), glucose tolerance,serum Insulin levels and antioxidant levels were assayed after the last ig administration.The results showed that compared with those of the normal control group,FBG levels of model group increased significantly (P<0.01),body weigh decreased;compared with those of the model group,FBG levels,glucose tolerance of high-dose groups and low-dose groups were significantly lower than the model group (P<0.01 or P<0.05),insulin sensitivity and antioxidant activity were improved.In conclusion, P.ginseng combined with A.senticosus can effectively improve fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic mice.However,it was found that 50% ethanol extract of P.ginseng with 75% ethanol extract of A.senticosus showed the most significant hypoglycemic effects.The mechanism was possibly through improving antioxidant levels,increasing ISI and improving the insulin sensitivity in hyperglycemic.

To investigate the effect of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide (LJPS) on the expression of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CrlR) and the hypoglycemic effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus mice.Type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse model was established by feeding high fatty forage and injecting alloxan intraperitoneally in 40 healthy male mice and treated with LJPS orally.The level of fasting blood glucose (FBG) was detected by automatic blood glucose device.The expression of CrlR was determined by immunohistochemisty and Western blot,and the expression of CrlR mRNA was detected by RT-PCR.After treated with L.japonica, the serum level of FBG were decreased significantly compared with that of model group (P<0.05).In the liver and pancreas,the expression levels of CrlR mRNA and CrlR protein were significantly higher than those in model group (P<0.05).This experiment showed that LJPS played a hypoglycemic effect by promoting the expression of CrlR in liver and pancreatic tissue to lessen insulin resistance (IR).

The effect of aqueous extract of Coelomactra antiquata (AECA) on levels of blood glucose and glycogen, and the activities of glycometabolism enzymes including 6-phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glycogen synthesis and glycogen phosphorylase was evaluated using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus mice model. The hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of AECA on diabetic mice was investigated. The results revealed that ACEA decreased blood glucose level and increased the tolerance to glucose of normal mice. The levels of blood glucose and blood urea were decreased, and the level of serum proteins were increased in diabetic mice treated with ACEA as compared with normal diabetic mice. ACEA treatment restored the enzyme activities and glycogen levels to the near normal range of diabetic mice, in which 150 mg/kg of body weight group showed the best effect. Based on the experimental results, it was deduced that AECA can maintain the glucose homeostasis by controlling the carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B plays an importance role in the negative regulation of insulin signaling,and thus considered as an attractive therapeutic target for diabetes.Bioassay guided fractionation of the hexane soluble extract of the seeds of Betula platyphylla Suk afforded seven protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory Lupane-triterpenoids 1-7.Isolated compounds (1-7) were identified as lupenone (1), lupeol (2), betulinic acid (3), betulinaldehyde (4), betulini (5), glochidonol (6 ) and lup-20/29-ene-1β/3β-diol (7).Compounds 1-7 inhibited PTP1B activity in a dose dependent manner,displaying IC₅₀ values of 5.6 ± 0.3 μmol/L,4.1 ± 0.2 μmol/L,7.2 ± 0.3 μmol/L,12.6 ± 0.4 μmol/L,11.6 ± 0.3 μmol/L,9.6 ± 0.4 μmol/L and 13.6 ± 0.5 μmol/L, respectively.